Associativnij Test Yunga Onlajn
Chairman, World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. A warm welcome tochildren. Food security challenge badge, are available at www.yunga.org additional. Challenge badges. Challenge badges can be ordered at the wagggs online shop. Do an experiment to test the effects of acid rain on plants. Jan 5, 2017 - Diana E. Yunga, Sanju Vijayanb, Tomer Avnic, Sarah Douglasa, Uri Kopylovd. Background Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) has been suggested as a potential screening tool. Up one more article [10], available online whilst awaiting print. By an American Gastroenterological Association technical.
Results We found that the genetic diversity of the Shimaa (an Amazon Yunga population) is a subset of that of Quechuas from Central-Andes. Using the Isolation-with-Migration population genetics model, we inferred that the Shimaa ancestors were a small subgroup that split less than 5300 years ago (after the development of complex societies) from an ancestral Andean population.
After the split, the most plausible scenario compatible with our results is that the ancestors of Shimaas moved toward the Peruvian Amazon Yunga and incorporated the culture and language of some of their neighbors, but not a substantial amount of their genes. We validated our results using Approximate Bayesian Computations, posterior predictive tests and the analysis of pseudo-observed datasets. Conclusions We presented a case study in which model-based Bayesian approaches, combined with necessary statistical validations, shed light into the prehistoric demographic relationship between Andeans and a population from the Amazon Yunga.
Our results offer a testable model for the peopling of this large transitional environmental region between the Andes and the Lower Amazonia. However, studies on larger samples and involving more populations of these regions are necessary to confirm if the predominant Andean biological origin of the Shimaas is the rule, and not the exception. Knowing how Native Americans dispersed along the American continent is still a major challenge faced by researchers studying the biological and cultural evolution of the region [ ]-[ ]. Also, how natives adapted to diverse environmental challenges such as hypoxia and cold weather in the Andes [ ] and the tropical forest [ ] remain poorly understood. When Europeans arrived in South America in the 16th century, the Pan-Andean Inca Empire dominated the Andean region and had a population density and levels of socioeconomic development unmatched elsewhere in South America.
But the Inca Empire is just the tip of the iceberg of a long-term cultural and biological evolutionary process that involved the entire Andean region and its adjacent Pacific Coast (hereafter western South America). This process began 14–11 thousand years BP, with the peopling of this region in the Late Pleistocene [ ], involving continuous cultural exchanges and gene flow along time, and leading to a relative genetic, cultural, and linguistic homogeneity between the populations of western South America when compared with eastern South America (a term that hereafter refers to the eastern region of the Andes, including the low Amazon Basin), where populations remained relatively more isolated [ ] than those in western South America. For example, only two languages still predominate across the entire Andean region (Quechua and Aymara), whereas in eastern South America natives speak a wider spectrum of languages belonging to four different linguistic families [ ]. Also, despite some controversy about definitions and chronology, archeologists consensually recognize three temporal Horizons in the Andes and the Pacific Coast (Early, Middle, and Late). Each of the Horizons corresponds to periods of material cultural dispersion involving a wide geographic area and, in the case of Middle and Late Horizons, to the expansion of the Wari-Tiwanaku and Inca States, respectively [ ]. The current knowledge about western South American prehistory derives mainly from a plethora of archeological studies [ ], most of which have focused on the Pacific Coast and Andean people. However, the relationships between Andeans and their culturally, linguistically, and environmentally different eastern neighbors living in the Amazon Yunga remain relatively neglected by archeologists, despite early investigations by Lathrap [ ] and some subsequent studies that have been done on the subject [ ].